Public Sector in Pakistan

Name : Aqil Amin 

Class:BS-6 (Morning) 

Roll No: 21869 

 Public sector

Public sector, portion of the economy composed of all levels of government and government-controlled enterprises. It does not include private companies, voluntary organizations, and households. The general definition of the public sector includes government ownership or control rather than mere function and thereby includes, for example, the exercise of public authority or the implementation of public policy. When pictured as concentric circles, the core public service in central and subnational government agencies defines the inner circle of the public sector. In this case, the distinction of the public sector from the private sector is relatively straightforward—it is evident in terms of employment relationships and the right of exercising public power. The next circle includes a number of different quasi-governmental agencies that are, however, placed outside the direct line of accountability within government. As we know that there are many weaknesses arises in public sectors in the form of nepotism , bribery , corruption etc. But there is dire need of Public sector due its bearable expenditures as compared to any of the private sector’s organization. If we look back to the past decades public sector was not efficient enough and people were not aware of it but if we discuss it in the context of PTI’s regime reforms have been proved very much effective. Public sector only work for the betterment of public and economy of the country. Many public institutions are working very much for the public.

The key to our definition of the public sector is whether or not the funding of an organization is provided (or determined through legislation) by the government. Public sector entities fall into three general categories. Core government agencies and departments working within the executive, legislative or judicial branches of national, state or local government. Agencies that provide public programs, goods or services, but exist as separate organizations apart from government agencies or departments. These agencies are often governed by a commission or board of directors. Police, military, public roads, public transit and public education are examples of public sector agencies.

Public sectors includes the public goods and governmental services such as the military, law enforcement, infrastructure, public transit, public education, along with health care and those working for the government itself, such as elected officials. The public sector might provide services that a non-payer cannot be excluded from (such as street lighting), services which benefit all of society rather than just the individual who uses the service. Public enterprises, or state-owned enterprises, are self-financing commercial enterprises that are under public ownership which provide various private goods and services for sale and usually operate on a commercial basis. Organizations that are not part of the public sector are either part of the private sector or voluntary sector. The private sector is composed of the economic sectors that are intended to earn a profit for the owners of the enterprise. The voluntary, civic, or social sector concerns a diverse array of non-profit organizations emphasizing civil society. Public sector is also called as a state sector because it is the part of economy comprises of both public services and public enterprises , it is true that public sector provides the job security and provides the services to remove the inequalities.

In Pakistan many of the sectors are owned by government of Pakistan and in actual meaning they are doing their best to provide the services to the public. As we know that there are many weaknesses arises in public sectors in the form of nepotism , bribery , corruption etc. But there is dire need of Public sector due its bearable expenditures as compared to any of the private sector’s organization. If we look back to the past decades public sector was not efficient enough and people were not aware of it but if we discuss it in the context of PTI’s regime reforms have been proved very much effective. Public sector only work for the betterment of public and economy of the country. Many public institutions are working very much for the public.

In Pakistan public sector is doing very fine work for the welfare of public because of the easily availability of services and having cheap costs make public sector to be trusted most by the public. Some of the public sectors are listed below which are working which are doing very fine job. Includes the areas of a country’s economy which are controlled by the state. In most of the countries, the public sector comprises the national, regional, and local governmental authorities, including the policy measures defined and adopted by those authorities, in order to provide public services

Public enterprises obtaining income (resources) from the sale of own production, namely: autonomous administrations, national companies (without the competition of private companies), joint ventures with state-owned and private capital (belong to the public sector but the operation manner is similar to the private sector). They compete with the private sector banks and insurance companies with public capital. Providing public services is often the responsibility of several levels of government, each of which provides some or all of the services. Because of this, public services are often delivered through a variety of different intergovernmental organizations simultaneously. Funding for public services is usually raised through a variety of methods, including taxes, fees, and through financial transfers from other levels of government (e.g. from a federal to a provincial or state government).

Today, both Public Sector & Private Sector have become an integral part of the economy. There may not be much difference in working of these sectors in advanced countries, but in developing countries, the performance of Public Sector has considerable scope for improvement. It is also observed that Pay packages are almost similar in both sectors in developed countries, but large differences exist IN remuneration in the two sectors in developing countries, like ours. Pakistan’s well-known achievement through development planning is a sure indicator of the importance of the public sector in initiating, directing and leading the process of economic growth in a less developed country. This paper reviews the role of the public sector both through direct investment and policy measures in East and West Pakistan separately. Because of the distance and structural differences between them, East and West Pakistan serve as control areas for highlighting the significance of the oublic sector in the economic development of less developed regions.

Public organizations in Pakistan:

i. Quaid-e-azam university                      

ii. Motorway 

iii. WAPDA 

iv. PIA 

v. National Bank of Pakistan 

vi. Metro Bus Service 

vii. PSO 

viii. Nadra 

ix. Police 

x. Army 

Can Public- Private Partnership Speed the Process of Development In Pakistan?

syeda mahnoor ali (6th- GPP)

Pakistan is a developing country with lack of resources but it is no wonder that even the available resources are majorly managed and consumed by the privileged and fortunate members of society. Firstly, we need to understand the concept of public, public rights, public welfare and public sector. Democracy gives power to the public as it has the power to make or break a government. According to democracy, the public sector and the workers of public sector and public’s servants.  After understanding the power that democracy gives to the general public, let’s move towards the public welfare and public sector. Every state is recognized by the perks it gives to its citizens in the name of public welfare. Public welfare can be defined as the public goods that are free of cost and benefit maximum of citizens.

Public sector is the portion of the economy composed of all levels of government and government-controlled enterprises. It does not include private companies, voluntary organizations, and households. Public sector consists of institutes that are managed by government and are equal for all citizens. However, in Pakistan the public sector is very weak as it has no accountability, transparency, rule or law and check and balance on the different management tiers of certain organizations. The public institutes unfortunately, are not efficient and effective as they are not managed and administered properly by the government. Many influential people in the government work for their personal gains or make sure that others are working for their personal gains by exploiting these public institutes. Whereas it cannot be concluded that all governmental institutions are inefficient as we can look at the examples of motorway police and national highway, Benazir income support program and PIMS. All these institutes are government based but they have better management and check and balance that makes them a success story. On the other hand, example can be taken of public educational institutes in Pakistan that do not provide the same level of quality education to students that private institutes do. Public educational institutes such as Islamabad model college for girls/boys does not have proper infrastructure such as tables, chairs and washrooms, the teachers are not administered properly if they attend the classes or not.  

On the contrary, private institutions are private entities managed by different groups in order to facilitate the public but while making sure that profit is earned. Due to the profit making scheme, private sector is more efficient, effective and accountable. Every action of an employee gets recorded. It can also be called easy hiring, easy firing. Private sector institutes make sure that the customer is satisfied by all means so that the profit is not effected. Which is why they have more accountable, transparent and well organized structures. Private sector is more capable than public sector in Pakistan but it is definitely not free of cost. The private institutes take a lot of money from their customers but provide facilities according to the cost. It needs to be noted that if the private organizations are not effective and efficient, they won’t be able to stay open. Examples can of certain restaurant that were closed down to their lack of profit in covid-19. Some successful private sector organizations are Edhi Foundation, Shaukat Khanum Cancer Hospital, Chhipa Welfare Association, Aurat Foundation and Shahid Afridi Foundation. Many non-governmental organizations (NGO) are working for the welfare of people but mostly with international donors. Education system of private sector of Pakistan is hundred times better than the public sector. Out of the 317,323 schools in the country, 38% are private. From 1990 to 2016, the number of low-cost private schools in Punjab alone increased dramatically from 32,000 to 66,000. Interestingly, the majority of new private schools opened up in rural areas. The private sector educational institutes keep a strict check and balance on teachers and other working staff if they are following the guidelines, timing and over all structure of the organization. The students are considered important beings that develops confidence and self-respect ion them. The teachers are needed to be fully educated on the subject that they are teaching.

Public-private partnerships can improve the quality and equity of organizations of Pakistan. The Government of Pakistan has limited public sector funding available to cater to the country’s overall public infrastructure requirements and related services. To bridge this gap, the Government made a policy decision to tap private sector investments and expertise. Following this policy decision of the Federal Government in 2006, Infrastructure Project Development Facility (IPDF). With the promulgation of the Public Private Partnership Authority Act (No. VII), 2017, IPDF was converted into a Public Private Partnership Authority (the, “P3A”). IPDF’s assets, employees and liabilities were transferred to the newly established P3A with an improved and enhanced regulatory mandate as given in the Public Private Partnership Authority Act, 2017 (the, “P3A Act”). The provisions of the P3A Act and functions of P3A are limited and extended to Federal Government line ministries and their infrastructure projects.

The government alone cannot accomplish the noble task of providing quality education to all eligible students. A non-conducive environment for learning at schools further reduces both students’ and parents’ motivational levels. Classrooms tend to be overcrowded, with a low teacher-student ratio, hampering effective in-class learning. Outdated pedagogical practices, inadequate subject-specialists, non-merit-based teacher appointments, high turnover rates, and multi-grade teaching exacerbate the situation. Since teachers are the most important component of an education system, providing adequate numbers of effective and qualified teachers is imperative to improving student learning levels and reducing dropout rates. Provincial authorities need to regularly hire new teachers, with a focus on math and science subject specialists. The government alone cannot accomplish the noble task of providing quality education to all eligible students. The private sector would play a monumental role in improving access to schools and the quality of education. Work needs to be done toward curriculum and assessment reform, teacher management, and the production, use, and analysis of quality data at the provincial departments of school education. More resources should be devoted to the training of staff responsible for curriculum and textbook development. Provincial authorities must strive to reduce political interference and increase transparency at the district and sub district levels of the education management system. Pakistan has the opportunity to dramatically improve its education system. The right policies need to put in place for this generation of students to benefit.

References:

https://www.pppa.gov.pk/overv.php

https://blogs.adb.org/blog/in-pakistan-private-sector-partnerships-are-key-to-improving-education

 

GOVERNMENT NEED US AND WE NEED GOVERNMENT

 The entire human existence is inseparably linked to the presence of the state, to the activities that it develops manifested in many fields of economic and social life. State’s interventions, as an economic actor, take the form of services provided to the community (in areas that cannot be covered by the private sector), in order to correct the deficiencies of the market economy, or destined for stimulating the economic activity. State’s political decisions determine the system of rules based on which the society operates, namely, political, economic, legal institutions, essential for the life and actions of individuals. Societies are characterized by two distinct sectors – the public and the private. The public sector is monopolistic, providing essential services, while the private sector is competitive, with alternative sources for the goods and services it produces.

 

“The Public Sector is usually comprised of organizations that are owned and operated by the government and exist to provide services for its citizens” The Public Sector book by Jan-Erik Lane.

In the representation of economic actor, the public sector (state) is defined as "the set of all activities developed by the State", which includes the following bodies

• Public institutions the resources of which come from the public budget.

• Central and local governments producing public goods and services aimed at the society. 

• social protection bodies answerable to the public power and its decisions

• Public enterprises obtaining income (resources) from the sale of own production, namely: autonomous administrations, national companies (without the competition of private companies), joint ventures with state-owned and private capital (belong to the public sector but the operation manner is similar to the private sector). They compete with the private sector banks and insurance companies with public capital.

Public sector services:

Public sector services and organizations include:

• Education (Schools, Libraries)

• Electricity

• Emergency Services

• Fire Service

• Gas and Oil

• Healthcare

• Infrastructure

• Law Enforcement

• Police Services

• Postal Service

• Public Transit

• Social Services

• Waste Management

Apart from the services mentioned above, the public sector also consists of public infrastructures, such as public roads, tunnels, sewage systems, and electrical grids.

Levels of Government:

Public sector organizations usually exist at three levels:

1. Federal or National

2. Regional (State or Provincial)

3. Local (Municipal or County)

Providing public services is often the responsibility of several levels of government, each of which provides some or all of the services. Because of this, public services are often delivered through a variety of different intergovernmental organizations simultaneously. Funding for public services is usually raised through a variety of methods, including taxes, fees, and through financial transfers from other levels of government (e.g. from a federal to a provincial or state government)

GOVERNMENT JOB VS PRIVATE JOB:

According to the Pakistan institute of development economics, approximately 56% of people are employed in the public sector, 18% in the private sector, and 26% are working in the informal sector. The Government jobs in Pakistan are always considered to be a lucrative option for job seekers. Due to the increased level of job security, most people want to get hired in government departments and prefer these jobs over private-sector jobs. Usually, the compensations and benefits attached with any Public sector appointments are quite a lot. However, in addition to the basic monthly salary, the government jobs offer a large number of non-monetary benefits and entitlements to their employees. All government jobs offer retirement benefits and pensions as well. The life of a retired government official is much more lucrative and relaxing than a private job individual. Being a government employee in Pakistan makes you eligible for a number of quotas and services. In all types of national and welfare schemes government employees are given preference.

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTES:

Education is the basic right of every citizen of Pakistan; Article 25 A of the Constitution obligates the state to provide free and compulsory quality education to children of the age group of five to sixteen years. The government is attempting to fulfill its duty by opening public sector schools which is a ray of hope for the poor and uneducated people of Pakistan. According to the report of Global Village space, the education system of Pakistan is comprised of 260,903 institutions and is currently facilitating 41,018,384 students. The system includes 180,846 public institutions and 80,057 private institutions. Jimenez and Tan (1985, 1987) found that despite the evolution in private schools, educational institutions still did not serve large proportions of Pakistan’s population because Private schools are not accessible to poor parents. Wealthier parents are more likely to send their children to private schools than poor parents. In the rural areas of Pakistan, almost 74 percent of students attend public schools while 26 percent of students attend private schools including Madrassas, etc.

The research was conducted to develop simple indicators of university efficiency. They did focus on 100 universities approved by the HEC of Pakistan. In the sample, half the universities were from the private sector and the remaining from the public sector. They had written a simple query regarding mid-year enrollment policy and sent it to each of these 100 universities through an electronic email message and recorded their response time. Around 80 percent of the universities do not respond over the span of 3 months. Among the 20 percent who respond, they find that majority exists in the public sector rather than in the private sector. It suggests the relative efficiency of the public sector over the private sector. (Article written by Ummad Mazhar: Grading Efficiency: Public versus private universities in Pakistan)

HEALTH SECTOR:

According to 2016 statistics, Pakistan has more than 1200 public hospitals and 700 private hospitals. Besides these hospitals, there are also small Medical Clinics plus Maternity & Child Health Centers in different areas of Pakistan. The fees of public hospitals are marginal and affordable for all. We have massive examples such as PIMS Islamabad, Jinnah hospital Lahore, Punjab institute of cardiology, Children’s hospital Lahore, Federal government services Lahore, Civil hospital Karachi, services hospital Lahore.

SOCIAL SAFETY NET PROGRAMS:

Pakistan has made substantial progress in reducing poverty, and social protection programs have played an important role. The investments made in the Benazir Income Support Program (BISP) and other social protection programs have played a critical role in Pakistan’s response to the COVID-19 outbreak. 

Other Budgeted social safety net programs include Pakistan Bait-ul-Mal (PBM) and Social Security & Welfare while Zakat, Employees Old-age Benefit Institution (EOBI), Workers Welfare Fund (WWF), Ehsaas Program, Kamyab Jawan Program, and many others.

E-GOVERNANCE INITIATIVES:

Pakistan is gradually moving towards the path of implementation of e-governance to increase the coverage and quality of information and services provided to the general public using ICT in a simple, economical, and cost-effective manner. NITB successfully implemented different interactive webs and mobile apps. For example, Pakistan citizen portal PCP, NADRA, E-Tijarat Portal, Digiskills, Pharmapedia Pakistan, Taleem Ghar, Roshan Pakistan, Baytee, LMS.

 

A society that has no government would be considered anarchy. Government mediates disputes between people, provides basic services like roads, education, and national security, and enforces laws to discourage wrongdoing from being committed. Truth be told, government and “we, the people” are not just connected; we’re utterly dependent on each other. The government depends on us for revenue, and we depend on the government for protection and services, from inspecting the safety of the food we eat to save lives when there’s a human-made or natural disaster. In the Gettysburg Address, President Lincoln said that government is of the people, by the people, for the people. What does “by the people” mean? It means that government and its employees, police officers, firefighters, road workers, safety inspectors, terrorism experts only protect us if we, the people, are willing to pay for that protection. How do we pay? Through taxes, of course. Maybe we don’t like them, but taxes pay for the services that protect our health, our safety, the quality of our life, and even our life itself at times.

To repeat the theme from the beginning of this piece: "Government needs us and we need government."

Motorway Police: A Success Story?

Syeda Mahnoor Ali (BS 6^th- GPP)

The Pakistan motorway police was started in 1997 for working on Pakistan’s newly constructed motorway scheme. Later in 2001, it was assigned the task to also control and maintain order in Pakistan national highway which resulted in changing of its name to national highways and motorway police. Similarly, starting from 2007, the national highways and motorway police started policing the Makran coast highway. The preparation of plan was handled to an inspector general of police, Mr. Afzal Ali Shigri who was assisted by Mr. Shamim Ahmed, who was a junior officer at national transport research cell. They both with their tremendous efforts developed the most suitable highway police plan for the new motorway. The plan was postponed and cancelled after the shift and change in the government which led to many disappointments. The bench marks of this plan were carried out and implemented by an inspector general of police, Mr. Iftikhar Rashid after certain modifications in the plan.

The police culture and traffic in Pakistan was considered very vulnerable and it was not properly taken care of around two decades ago. The approximated death every year was calculated to 7000 people along with 75000 being injured in road accidents. The condition of policing department was so disappointing that in case of such incidents, the rich and affiliated were given a free card to pass away while the poor were held guilty and asked to pay fines even if they were not at fault. The main role was played by corruption as majority policemen were not interested in the benefit of the state or the general public but worked for their own personal gains. Corruption can destroy every single institution of a society along with disturbing the patriotism and mind-set of people.

1997 was the year when people were not in favor of any new reforms due to many other failures so the motorway police was criticized by many as compared to the support it received. Many professional policemen had the thinking that the police activities couldn’t be improved. However, this year was considered a shift changing year in the history of policing and traffic management in Pakistan. The traffic management on motorway was made modern, proficient and efficient as compared to the other policing departments. The new motorway police was widely appreciated and gained respect and was cherished in minimum time. Looking at the initial staging of motorway police, they did not risk any new recruitments but motivated and trained the already working police force in different areas of Pakistan to work efficiently and effectively for the maximum benefit of Pakistan. The motivation and training was solely based on molding this police service into true public servants who would value their state and general public before themselves. This change in behavior of police force astonished everyone along with the idea that the officers involved in different heinous activities in provinces were shifted into honest, noble and truthful policemen. It was later emphasize on that through proper training, motivation, patriotism and taking care of peoples’ basic needs, this dream was achievable.

After the governmental recognition of this marvelous motorway policing project, they decided to enlarge the idea into national highways which initially included the Peshawar- Karachi national highway so its original name was changed to the National Highways and Motorway Police. This change was again less supported by the masses as Pakistanis are more orthodox in nature and don’t believe in change. There were many critics who actually pointed out some of the realistic faults in the project such as the complexity of the traffic, attitude of drivers and behavior of the pedestrians on the highways of Pakistan. The work was again very difficult but with hard earned efforts and trust the National Highways and Motorway Police started patrolling on N-5 from 2001. The hard earned respect and pride was at stake but fortunately, it achieved success again and the government decided to further give control of all federal highways of Pakistan to the national highway in intervals.

The national highway and motorway police is an applauded success story of the policing system of Pakistan as it is the only policing institution whose effectiveness, efficiency, integrity, fairness, behavior, help, public service and honesty is being appreciated by the general public. In the national accountability Bureau (NAB) report of the year 2002, the national highway and motorway police was the only institution that was not corrupt in the country. The then Prime Minister of Pakistan Mr. Shaukat Aziz also declared this force as “The Island of Excellence”. Transparency International has included national highway and motorway police among the corruption-free departments of the world. It is now willingly declared that this motorway police model should be as an example for other p0olicing institutions for which Islamabad Model City Traffic Police and Punjab Traffic Wardens are being scheduled and have also received training from the national highway and motorway police.

The national highway and motorway police has its headquarters in Islamabad and is led by the inspector general of police along with seven deputy inspector generals to assist him, each one is in charge of a separate branch. The rank structure is as follows: 

·        Inspector General of Police (IGP)

·        Additional Inspector General of Police (Addl. IGP)

·        Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIG)

·        Assistant Inspector General of Police (AIG)

·        Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP)

·        Superintendent of Police (SP)

·        Deputy Superintendent of Police (DSP)

·        Assistant Superintendent of Police (ASP)

·        Inspector of Police (IP)

·        Sub Inspector of Police (SIP)

·        Assistant Sub Inspector of Police (ASIP)

·        Havaldar of Police (HP)

·        Naik of Police (NP)

·        Lance Naik of Police (LNP)

·        Constable of Police (CP)

The objectives of The national highway and motorway police are to control traffic violations on motorways and national highways, to educate road users, to launch road safety campaigns to increase awareness among the motorists, to ensure safety and provide assistance to road users and to treat road users respectfully and fairly but firmly to uphold ethical practices at all times.

 The national highway and motorway police is an applauded success story of the policing system of Pakistan as it is the only policing institution whose effectiveness, efficiency, integrity, fairness, behavior, help, public service and honesty is being appreciated by the general public. In the national accountability Bureau (NAB) report of the year 2002, the national highway and motorway police was the only institution that was not corrupt in the country. The then Prime Minister of Pakistan Mr. Shaukat Aziz also declared this force as “The Island of Excellence”. Transparency International has included national highway and motorway police among the corruption-free departments of the world. It is now willingly declared that this motorway police model should be as an example for other p0olicing institutions for which Islamabad Model City Traffic Police and Punjab Traffic Wardens are being scheduled and have also received training from the national highway and motorway police.

 Public Sector is more beneficial for Pakistani's 

Public Sector

Public sector organizations that are funded or controlled by government. In many countries like Pakistan it includes security services , health care services like hospitals , waste management etc. 

According to a chapter " A Good American President" public sector is a part of economy that is controlled by government and funded by tax payers who control the government. Public sector is also called as a state sector because it is the par tof economy comprises of both public services and public interprises , it is true that public sector provides the job security and provides the services to remove the inequalities. 

According to Henry Hazlit,

"The private sector of the economy is, in fact, the voluntary sector; and the 'public sector' is, in fact, the coercive sector." 

The main goal of public sector is to :

⦁ benefit the economy of the state. 

⦁ create employment. 

⦁ ensure the equality among different diversities of the people. 

⦁ benefit the lower / middle class of the society. 

Private Sector 

Private sector is also reffered as citizen sector and it is mainly owned by public for profits. it consist of all privately owner, for-profit businesses in the economy. It includes real estate , commercial banks , aviations etc .The main purpose of private sector is to make profits as much and made their reputations in their respective bussiness lines. Many people in Pakistan avoid to have private sector because if we see Pakistan there are alot people are not stable and job security is the main reason of this so individuals prefer public sectors. 

Ex-American president Barak Obama says, 

"Private Sector is doing fine " 

Public private partnersip 

Public private partnership includes  the collabration of public and private sectors both.

According to World Bank, 

A Public-private partnership (PPP) is often defined as a long-term contract between a private party and a government agency for providing a public asset or service, in which the private party bears significant risk and management responsibility. 

Public private partnership plays a vital role in boosting up the participation of private sector into the delievery of publlic services. In Pakistan this initiative was approved in 2007 and then it was replaced and approved by ECC(economic coordination comittee 26 Jan 2010. 

It includes Combined Military Hospitals ( CMH) , Fauji Foundation Hospitals , Construction of Sialkot Kharrian motorway , construction of Sukkur Hyderabad  motorway. 

According to Alan Auntry,

I support public and private partnerships whenever appropriate in order to achieve our goal of a prosperous and vibrant downtown.   

      Public sector 

In Pakistan many of the sectors are  owned by government of Pakistan and in actual meaning they are doing their best to provide the services to the public. As we know that there are many weaknesses arises in public sectors in the form of nepotism , bribery  , corruption etc. But there is dire need of Public sector due its bearable expenditures as compared to any of the private sector's organization. If we look back to  the past decades public sector was not efficient enough and people were not aware of it but if we discuss it in the context of PTI's regime reforms have been proved very much effective. Public sector only work for the betterment of public and economy of the country. Many public institutions are working very much for the public. 

In Pakistan public sector is doing very fine work for the  welfare of public because of the easily  availabilty of services and hhaving cheap costs make public sector to be  trusted most by the public. Some of the public sectors are listed below which are workimg which are doing very fine job. 

Public Hospitals: 

In general  context if we talk about health facilities and overall health sector private sector is very much expensive and not affordable by every one.  But the public sector hospitals are  the best one's to provide the good health facilities to the general  public, in every district there is one district headquater hospital is there known as (DHQ) and in tehsils tehsil headquater hospitals  thereand dispensries as well. Due to  these it is very easy for everyone to avail the treatment facilities free of cost. During Covid-19 situation the vaccination facility has  been given to all citizens of Pakistan on no cost. 

National health infrastructure is comprised of 1279 hospitals, 5527 BHUs, 747 Maternity & Child Health Centers, and 1400 TB centers. Despite from this health sector faces  issues such as, high population growth, uneven distribution of health professionals, deficient workforce, insufficient funding, and limited access to quality healthcare services for resolving them many ammendments have been started to the remoive the inconvience in health sector. Although it has also seen a new policy of introducing a "Sehat card" in all over the Pakistan. by which treatment facility is easily available to all of the family members. 

Public Schools / Colleges & Universities 

when there comes about education it is very important for every one no matter he or she belongs to any caste , creed or gender, education is mandatory for all. even according to our constitution's article 25-A quality education is a right of every person of age of 5 to 16 years. The main initiative of  government during covid-19's lockdown was the introduction of e-taleem by which students of class 1 to 12 can easily avail the  services of lectures on T.V.

Same like this government also introduce many educational forums like MUSE ,  SABAQ foundation , TALEEM ABAD , Knowlage platform. Through all these platforms access of education is very easy for every student. 

As NUML is an public institution and offering full scolarships to the needy students by the collabrtion of ehsaas and Pakistan Bait-ul-mal. 

HEC is also offering scolarships like ehsaas scholarships , HEC need  based scholarships , under-graduate scholarships for students of Gilgit Baltistan , scholarships for FATA and Balochi students , HEC German need based scholarships and offering many more. 

Tehsil Municipal Adminstration 

TMA is responsible for the planning and maintaing the municipal services in tehsils and work bclosely with union councils. 

⦁ Monitoring and supervising the performances of government offices and reporting to the district government.

⦁ Spatial planning.

⦁ Executing and managing development plans.

⦁ Controlling land development.

⦁ Enforcing laws, rules, and bye-laws.

⦁ Maintaining databases and information systems.

⦁ Collecting taxes, fines, and penalties.

⦁ Organizing recreational events.

⦁ Coordinating between village and neighborhood councils.

⦁ Regulating markets.

⦁ Developing and managing schemes in collaboration with the district government.

⦁ Creating strategies for developing infrastructure, improving service delivery, and implementing laws.

⦁ Preparing and presenting reports on tehsil administration performance.

⦁ Calling for reports from tehsil-based offices of government. 

Public organizations in Pakistan

i. National Bank of Pakistan        Bank 

ii. NUML                                          University

iii. NUST                                           University

iv. PIMS                                           Hospital

v. PIA                                               Airline

vi. PTV                                            Broadcasting channel 

vii. Pakistan Railways                   Transport 

viii. PSO                                          Petroleum agency

ix. DHQ / THQ                               Hospitals 

x. University of Education           University 

Refrences https://hec.gov.pk/english/scholarshipsgrants/Pages/InternationalScholarships.aspx 

https://www.adb.org/publications/public-private-partnership-monitor-pakistan 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehsil_Municipal_Administration

https://www.pppa.gov.pk/overv.php  

Ali Bilal 

B.S 6th GPP (Morning) 

NUML

PRIVATE SECTOR IS DOING FINE!

FARIA AMIN

BS-GPP (06) MORNING

NUML 

Private sector: Sector of the economy run by non-state entities

The private sector is the part of the economy, sometimes referred to as the citizen sector, which is owned by private groups, usually as a means of establishment for profit or non profit, rather than being owned by the government. The private sector is part of the economy.

(According to Wikipedia)

The private sector is a very diverse sector and makes up a big part of many economies. It is based on many different individuals, partnerships, and groups. The entities that form the private sector include:

• Sole proprietorships
• Partnerships
• Small and mid-sized businesses
• Large corporations and multinationals
• Professional and trade associations
• Trade unions

The private sector plays an important role in the economy through the following functions:

•   Job creation through generating employment opportunities within private companies
•    Contribution to tax revenues and capital flow through the economy
•    Provides goods and services to both consumers and businesses
•    Attracts investors both domestically and internationally
•   Finances business diversification and competition between companies

 

THE PRIVATE SECTOR IN PAKISTAN – A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

 

Pakistan emerged in 1947 with the historical traditions of a free and competitive private sector. From the days of the Mughal Empires to the British Raj in India, the state was seldom, if ever, a producer of goods and services. Muslim historical traditions and legislature had adequately protected property rights and fostered a spirit of free enterprise and the development of a vibrant private sector. These traditions of a primarily private sector led economy were passed on when Pakistan was created in 1947. The public sector at the time of partition consisted only of the Railways, Telephone and Telegraph Department, the Post-Offices, Karachi Port Trust, Radio Pakistan and some coal and salt mines.

 

Field Marshal Ayub Khan's government, which ruled Pakistan from 1958 until 1969, continued to favour the private sector. It was a period of unparalleled growth, with the industrial sector outpacing China and South Korea and catching up with Japan. The first expression of privatisation as a public policy instrument occurred during the Ayub Khan period, when the Pakistan Industrial Development Corporation divested some industrial enterprises, including jute, paper, and sugar mills, that it had created up and effectively run.

Since 1999, the Government’s policy of economic structural transformation based on deregulation, decentralization, economic liberalization, and privatization, has aimed to expand and enhance the role of the private sector. With the implementation of the Government in reform program on the mentioned lives, Pakistan was ranked among the top ten reforming countries in the world in 2006 although the rating slipped subsequently in 2008.

Pakistan’s privatization experience is considered as being among the most successful in South Asia. Privatization picked up in 1999 when a number of structural bottlenecks were removed.

"WHEN THE PRIVATE SECTOR DOES WELL, THERE'S REVENUE FOR PUBLIC SECTOR"

Both private sector businesses and public sector offices work together to form a fully functioning economy. At times, they can work together on common goals. For example, private sector businesses might use government assets or resources to assist with public services. Yet for most start-up entrepreneurs, the private sector is where you will operate.
The private sector in Pakistan is the major producer of goods and services in the economy, the major contributor to investment, and the largest employer.
The privatization process has catalyzed reforms for further liberalization of the economy as well as taxation reforms. The banking sector privatizations, for example, gave the impetus for tax reform where tax rates for banks were brought down in line with corporate rates from over 50% to 35%.
Privatization has been the most important component of the Government’s strategy for invigorating economic growth, attracting investment, and creating opportunities for the private sector.

 

Agriculture sector

The agriculture sector with a 22.69% contribution to GDP is almost wholly private sector owned. Most of the mining and quarrying activities are also in the private sector. Within manufacturing with a 19.1% contribution to GDP, 100% of the textile sector (which consolidates 46% of the value added in the manufacturing sector) and a significant majority of the cement, sugar, automobile and fertilizer industries are in the private sector. So is the case with the construction sector. In the services sector, the private sector owns over 77% of the commercial banking sector, a majority of the general insurance sector, a significant portion of the transport and storage sector, and almost 100% of the wholesale and retail trade. The private sector is also a major contributor to power generation and has entered into the electricity distribution sector after the privatization of KESC.

Health sector
There are certain hypotheses about the private health sector which need to be addressed and discussed within this context of utilization of services and preference of people to seek health care in private sector. Firstly, that there is no significant difference between the level of tangibles between private and public hospitals; and that the private hospitals are better in tangibles as compared to public. The latter argument definitely can be supported because of the available evidence of utilization and preference. Secondly, that there is no significant difference in the level of assurance in both private and public hospitals; or that the private hospitals provide more assurance to patients than the public hospitals. Patients look for care besides cure and that nontangible dimension of quality has been a determinant for utilizing the private sector more as compared to the government health facilities. Thirdly, that there is no significant difference in the level of responsiveness in both private and public hospitals; and that the patient perceives that private hospitals are more responsive than public hospitals. The latter argument is yet again supported by the fact that public sector facilities have been grossly underutilized and one main reason has been the lack of empathy and respect which patients expect when they are visiting for seeking treatment. Fourthly, that the government needs to pay attention to the public sector health care system only, and that private sector health care does not need attention from government. It is a fact that private sector is indeed better than health care in the public sector.

Education sector:

The private sector education will be defined as all formal institutions that are not public, and may be found, owned, managed and financed by actors other than the state.

Participation of the private sector in the educational system and its development in Pakistan has a long history. From 1947 until 1971, the private sector contribution expanded considerably through a variety of nongovernment organizations but the process of nationalization by the Peoples Government completely eliminated the private sector from education in 1972 to 1979. 

PRIVATE INSTITUTES AND COMPANIES

Allied Bank Limited	Banks
Askari bank	Banks
Air Blue	Airlines
AirSial	Airlines
Ary Digital Network	Media agency
Shifa international hospital	Hospital
Maroof internation	Hospital
Edhi Foundation	Foundation
Shaukat Khanum Cancer Hospital	Hospital
LUMS	University
Aga khan University	University

FARIA AMIN

BS-GPP (06) MORNING

REFERENCES:

https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/institutional-document/32216/private-sector-assessment.pdf 

https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/institutional-document/32216/private-sector-assessment.pdf

https://www.csis.org/analysis/private-sector-development-pakistan

https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/868584-role-of-private-sector-in-economic-growth-highlighted

https://www.iba.edu.pk/farrukhiqbal/SomeobservationsontheroleoftheprivatesectorineducationinPakistan.php

https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/private-sector

https://gocardless.com/en-au/guides/posts/what-is-the-private-sector/

Pakistan National Highways & Motorways Police

 Introduction

The National Highway & Motorway Police is an authority that ensures the implementation of road safety rules across all the motorways and highways in Pakistan to make these high-speed roads safer for all commuters. Pakistan’s network of motorways and highways connects the country’s southernmost regions of Gwadar and Karachi with those in the north, including the capital city of Islamabad and the densely populated Lahore, all the way up to Gilgit-Baltistan, where few people dare to venture out on the hilly roads in their private vehicles. Along with offering online guides for both practical and theoretical driving tests, the National Highways & Motorway Police also provides infographics, videos, driving tips, as well as detailed overviews of traffic rules and traffic signs that dot the motorways and highways in Pakistan. Educating people about road safety also means giving them complete and up-to-date information about all the traffic tickets, fines, and penalties applicable to individuals found breaking the law and putting their own as well as others’ lives at risk.

Highway Safety is one of the most important aspects of transportation engineering as traffic accidents are unavoidable in human life. Developing nations including Pakistan are faced with new dimension of highway safety challenges after the advent of motorways, safety management of motorways demand more meticulous addressal of safety issues due to involvement of high speed dynamics.

History

In the year 1997, the government of Pakistan do reform in the history of policing in Pakistan and a modern proficient and efficient police force were raised for the traffic management and order on the motorway. This emerging new force was a u-turn and a complete transformation of police culture, therefore the pleasant change in no time earned the respect and appreciation of the public. In the beginning there were no fresh recruitment and all the officers were taken from the police setups of different provinces, and were put under the training and motivational programs. All efforts were made to mould this force as true public servant. Another surprising change observed that those officers who were involved in corruption on the provinces, become noble, honest and efficient. It was thus concluded that through proper training, guidance, by providing compatible working conditions and taking care of some basic human needs, this miracle was possible. The government in recognition of excellent performance of Motorway Police, decided to expand its network to National Highways, which initially operated on the Peshawar-Karachi National Highway.

Today, by the grace of Allah, NH&MP is the only institution, whose efficiency is being praised by people from all walks of life. From the very outset, NH&MP has earned support and confidence of general public. Perhaps for the first time in the history of Pakistan, a police force is being lauded for its honesty, integrity, behavior, help and public service.

In the National Accountability Bureau (NAB) report for the year 2002, NH&MP was reported to be the only corruption free department in the country. The then Prime Minister of Pakistan Mr. Shaukat Aziz also declared this force as “The Island of Excellence”. Transparency International has included NH&MP among the corruption-free depart ments of the world. Now people are demanding that this department may be declared as a model and this experiment may also be replicated to other departments. Initially, the experiment has already been replicated in the shape of Islamabad Model City Traffic Police and Punjab Traffic Wardens, who have been trained by NH&MP.

The motorway police force In Pakistan is responsible for enforcement of traffic and safety laws, security and recovery on Pakistan’s National Highways and Motorway. If anyone brakes the rules, then motorway police can fine him. Motorway police use Suvs cars and heavy motorbike for pet rolling purpose and use speed cameras for speed limits. If there is accident happen on the motorway, the motorway police give the first aid to the person.

Success Story

Motorway police considered as a successful department in the country, because in a short life of 25 years, the motorway police established the good reputation in the country. Motorway police treat all the citizens equally regardless of their position in the society, and Motorway Police do not promote VIP culture in Pakistan. The citizens of Pakistan highly appreciate and recognize the motorway police, because of its efficiency and honesty. Motorway police help those who need help on the motorways. There has also been decrease of 70% in accidents over the last decade. Highway crime has also decreased. As a result of effective crime control, a large number of stolen vehicles have been recovered.

The National Highways and Motorways Police in Pakistan as institution enjoy the highest public ratio of confidence and respect. It has been included as the 13th corruption free department of the world. According to Transparency International in Pakistan, the Land Revenue Department is the most corrupt department, followed by Police and Judiciary. Although Police is considered to be the most corrupt and non-public friendly institution in Pakistan, but National Highways & Motorways Police has been ranked high among all 15 enforcement agencies being corruption free.

Written by Aqil Amin.